With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. Petroleum refining is a technology that uses fossil fuels as raw materials and chemical catalysts as a means to achieve conversion of petroleum through once, twice, and deep processing to get a series of chemical products, which are further used as the basic raw materials for synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fertilizers and pesticides production. The process converts lowoctane linear hydrocarbons paraffins into branched alkanes. Treating can be accomplished at an intermediate stage in the refining process, or just before sending the finished product to storage. Fresh catalyst is added and worn out catalyst removed to optimize the cracking process. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of. The thermal cracking processes developed for refinery. Petroleum refining processes download ebook pdf, epub.
The petroleum refining industry employs a wide variety of processes. By definition, petrochemicals are simply chemicals that happen to be derived from a starting material obtained from petroleum. The alkylation process combines light isoparaffins, most commonly isobutane, with c 3 c 4 olefins, to produce a mixture of higher molecular weight isoparaffins i. Detailed study of the petroleum refining category 2019 report. Treatment processes to prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional. Hydrocracking, a catalytic cracking process conducted in the presence of hydrogen, was developed to be a versatile manufacturing process for increasing the yields of either gasoline or jet fuels. Us refineries process about 17 million barrels of crude oil a day. Since distillation fractionation separates petroleum products into groups only by their boiling point ranges, impurities may remain. The book is unique in that it presents licensable technologies for the refining of petroleum and production of environmentally acceptable fuels and petrochemical intermediates.
The regulations cover wastewater discharges at over 140 refineries across the country. Oil refinery processes department of chemistry makerere university. The two most typical methods of crudeoil desalting are chemical and. Brief history of the petroleum industry and petroleum refining prior to the 19th century, petroleum was known and utilized in various fashions in babylon, egypt, china, persia, rome and azerbaijan. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. The book is unique in that it presents licensable technologies for the refining of petroleum and production of environmentally acceptable fuels and. Refining operations petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas. Crude oil distillation is more complicated than product distillation, in part because crude oils contain water, salts, and suspended solids. Fundamentals of petroleum refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. Our more than 600 corporate members, from the largest major oil company to the smallest of independents, come from all segments of the industry. Click download or read online button to get petroleum refining processes book now. Step 1 in the refining process is to remove these contaminants so as to reduce corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment and to prevent poisoning catalysts in processing units. The cracking of complex hydrocarbons is the most important petroleum refining process, which is mainly depend on the acidic property of the catalyst.
Handbook of petroleum refining processes, fourth edition features chapter contributions from experts at some of the worlds leading petroleum companies, including. Petroleum refining an overview sciencedirect topics. We then make a focus in each individual unit operation in the refinery. The alkylation process was developed in the 1930s and 1940s to initially produce highoctane aviation gasoline, but later it became important for producing motor gasoline because the spark ignition engines have become more powerful with higher compression ratios that require fuel with higher octane numbers. The crude distillation capacity of individual refineries varies widelyfrom 4,000 to 843,000 bpsd doe 2004. Petroleum refineries have grown rapidly in complexity and so, too, the refinery operations. Petroleum refining processes explained simply youtube. Petroleum refining or oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like liquefied petroleum gas lpg, kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. Solvent treating is a widely used method of refining lubricating oils as well as a host of other refinery stocks. By 1970 the petroleumrefining industry had become well established throughout the world.
Petroleum refining technology and economics fourth edition. Once it enters the modern refinery, crude oil goes through a process called fractional distillation. Kbr matti nurminen fortum oil and gas oy introduction environmental issues are threatening the future use of mtbe. A refinerys processing flow scheme is largely determined by the composition of the crude. Isobutane and c 3 c 4 olefins are produced as byproducts from fcc and other catalytic and thermal conversion processes in a. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. However, none of these products would exist without the. They are, in almost every case, virtually identical to the same chemical produced from other sources, such as coal, coke, or fermentation processes. Pdf petroleum refining technology and economics fourth. Choices of a treating method depend on the nature of the petroleum fractions, amount and type of impurities in the fractions to be treated. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes crude oil.
Within its pages, you will get complete details on the excavation and. Olefin and isobutane feed streams are dried to remove water before they are mixed with the isobutane recycle stream. History, process and products nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful products such. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used. The cracking of complex hydrocarbons is the most important petroleumrefining process, which is mainly depend on the acidic property. Crude petroleum, as found in nature, must be processed refined to remove impurities and to manufacture such usefui materials as gasoline, jet fuel kerosene, and fuel oil. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the. The first phase in petroleum refining operations is the separation of crude oil into its major constituents using 3 petroleum separation processes. It illustrates stateoftheart engineering methods for the refinement of heavy oils, bitumen, and other highsulphur feedstocks. The importance of support to provide enhancing function to catalytic sites as well as participate as acidbase sites. Petroleum refining petroleum refining petrochemicals.
Finally, the refining process is becoming more complex as demand increases for high octane, unleaded gasoline. Handbook of petroleum refining processes has become a key reference in the chemical and petroleum engineering markets. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their. Meyers is the inventor or coinventor of a number of broadly used engineering processes, and has managed projects in nearly every facet of the petroleum refining industry. Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels 127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters per day of crude oil. Fractionation distillation is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and. Code allows this to be done using linear interpolation or spline. Petroleum is also used in many chemical products, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fertilizers, solvents, and plastics. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. Petroleum refining waterwastewater use and management ipieca operations best practice series this document was prepared by aecom, inc. Refining endproducts the primary endproducts produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories. Petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. Interpolation of distillation curves internally using the probability function transformation of yield values.
Sulfur has a significant impact on vehicle emissions by reducing the efficiency of catalysts. This process separates the different components of crude oil so that they can be further refined. Section 2 provides an overview of current regulations affecting the petroleum refining. Energy bandwidth for petroleum refining processes 4 the total crude distillation capacity of all the refineries in the u. Petroleum refining process free download as word doc. Fractionation distillation is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boilingpoint ranges called fractions or cuts. The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the petroleum refining. Crude oil refinery flow diagram showing process chemical. Refining process hindustan petroleum corporation limited. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Light distillates liquid petroleum gas lpg gasoline also known as petrol kerosene jet fuel and other aircraft fuel. This work highlights contemporary approaches to resource utilization and provides comprehensive coverage of technological advances in residuum conversion. Refineries to process heavy sour crudes typically have higher.
The refining process also rearranges the structures and bonding patterns of the basic molecules into different, more desirable hydrocarbon molecules and compounds. Petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas. It illustrates stateoftheart engineering methods for the refinement of. Refineries process crude oils, which have different types of hydrocarbons with carbon chains of different lengths, into a broad range of refined products. Detailed study of the petroleum refining category 2019. Refining adds value by converting crude oil which in itself has little enduse value into a range of refined products, including transportation fuels. Refining process hindustan petroleum corporation limited, india.
Fractional distillation begins when the crude oil, which is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, is put into a highpressure steam boiler. Epa promulgated the petroleum refining effluent guidelines and standards 40 cfr part 419 in 1974 and amended the regulations in 1975, 1977, 1982 and 1985. There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering, and it is crucial for todays scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators to stay current. Crude oil refineries employ some of the united states top scientists, engineers, and safety professionals to ensure that products are produced efficiently and safely. In general, united states prefers gasoline to diesel whereas the rest of the world prefers diesel to gasoline. However, the published information on the refinery processes and operation is scant and mostly confined to licensors data, which reveal little beyond what is. The refining process separates, breaks, reshapes and recombines the molecules of crude oil into valueadded products such as gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel. The american petroleum institute api is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of americas oil and natural gas industry.
Understanding the business of processing crude oil into fuels and other value added products. Fractionation distillation conversion processes change the size andor structure of hydrocarbon molecules. Sep 03, 2018 unsubscribe from production technology. However, the published information on the refinery processes and operation is scant and mostly confined to licensors data, which reveal little beyond what is absolutely necessary for process sale. Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil typically having low octane ratings into highoctane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for highoctane gasoline. Crude oil refinery flow diagram showing process chemical additives financial benefits whether it be extending equipment life due to corrosion inhibition, increasing production output due to enhanced deposit control, or shortening the the startup time during sulphidation operations, we have resolved to provide you. By 1970 the petroleum refining industry had become well established throughout the world. Petroleum refining process lectures and fundamentals. Step 0 in the refining process is to remove these contaminants so as to reduce corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment and to prevent. Fcc, due to its flexibility to feed stocks and product. The mixture is fed to the reactor, where it is highly dispersed into an incoming stream of acid catalyst.
Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oiland petrol, both important primary energy sources. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. Classes of refinery processes and refinery configurations. Handbook of petroleum refining processes, fourth edition.
Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. Foreign incentive to ship excess gasoline to us, especially to the east coast from europe. Refinery configurations vary, but us refineries are undeniably some of the worlds most sophisticated. The following sections of this report provide an overview of the petroleum refining industry and a summary of the analyses conducted by the epa as part of the detailed study. Meyers was manager of chemical process technology at trw and is now president of ramtech limited. The type of hydrocarbon paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic rather than the specific chemical compounds present, is the most significant factor in the refining process.